What are we looking for?

The goal is to find what is a "quark". We know that three quarks may produce a proton or a neutron. This is what Murray Gell-Mann discovered. Because there are "up" and "down" quarks, they should be slightly different. So we are looking for three quarks, albeit one must realize that most observations on quarks appear quite fuzzy. One cannot truly observe quarks because observations are limited and sometimes misleading. And what's more, it is impossible to observe a stand alone quark because it becomes highly unstable.

Honestly, there could be no quarks at all, but rather a rather simple wave structure which seems to contain three quarks.

• The wave unit should be made of only two electrons because they must be the simplest possible.

• Electrons or positrons close together should overcome their electrostatic charge and form a structure.

• The wave addition should produce a strong gluonic field because of the verifiable gluing effect.  

• The structure should still radiate a "color charge" as a result of the spin (or phase) addition.

• However this may be recorded  as +2/3 and –1/3 spins because of the point of view.

• The three quark units joined together must be neutral because they may produce a neutron.

• However, it should be positive in its center in order to accept a positron there and become a proton.

• The proton should be capable of capturing one electron in order to become an hydrogen atom.

• The proton should exhibit eight axes in order to explain the constant 8-electron external atomic shell. 

• Many protons close together should overcome their electrostatic charge and form a structure.

• Many protons should capture the same number of electrons in different periodic atomic shells.

• The shells should coincide with Fresnel's periodic zones in order to explain the spectral lines.

According to the Wave Mechanics, fast moving electrons or positrons can produce two or more quark pairs because of the resulting gluonic field ability to attract additional positrons or electrons in the vicinity. However, quarks are unstable because this attraction effect may also cause their destruction.

Quarks did not exist in the beginning of times. After an hypothetic and revisited Big Bang, when there was nothing but the aether filled up with waves, a large number of electrons and positrons had to be be created out of incoming waves. Then, because the synchronization process is impossible in the absence of matter, there was no fundamental difference between them. No synchronized spin, just randomly distributed phases. So the attraction effect between electrons and positrons produced a lot of quark pairs. Although three quarks coming close together before disintegrating was less likely to happen, they could still join together occasionally to become a neutron and, finally, a stable proton.

Just concentric wave diagrams.

Moving matter behaves exactly as though it was perfectly at rest with respect to the aether. Then the electron waves become apparently concentric, ruling out the Doppler effect in accordance with the Lorentz transformations. So this page shows only concentric, hence much simpler wave diagrams.

The lambda / 2 phase shift.

The electron central antinode is one wavelength wide instead of the lambda / 2 antinode which is common for all standing waves. This produces a lambda / 2 phase shift between two opposite wave parts. 

This is of the utmost importance. Most diagrams showing interferences between two or more emitters do not apply to matter waves. Thus, before observing more complicated diagrams, one should realize that waves emitted toward opposite directions are lambda / 2 shifted. They are lambda / 4 shifted with respect to the center. This should be clearly visible on the following diagrams:

Electrostatic forces.

The page on wave mechanics shows that electrostatic forces appear between two electrons or positrons while they are relatively far apart. Then their standing wave system is weaker and the wavelets which they constantly emit meet, producing a very special set of plane standing waves on the axis. Then those standing waves are amplified by aether waves and the energy is radiated along the axis toward both particles, creating a repulsion effect. Moreover, when the waves are out of phase beyond both electrons, they destroy themselves and allow the inner waves to push both electrons from each other. This does not occur between an electron and a positron, and so they are attracted instead.

Most wave diagrams show compressed zones in white and dilated ones in black, allowing any intermediate gray shade. However, this method cannot show the zero-energy zones because they are then represented by a medium gray. So I had to oblige the computer to darken those zones to black instead, making the diagrams much more revealing. 

Moreover, there are billions of wavelengths between those electrons and one simply cannot show them all. So the diagrams will show only a small number of waves. Let's repeat that we are speaking about electrostatic charges here. Then the so-called "in-waves" are absent and the electron is shown as a pulsating wave centre only. There are no standing waves: just outward waves whose energy fades out according to the normal square of the distance law.

Observe that while the distance between two electrons is an integer multiple of the wavelength, the waves are adding themselves beyond each electron.

Two electrons very close together.

This situation is not likely to happen because of the strong repulsion effect. The animation below shows two electrons from both spins (the phase is opposite). For very short distances, the standing wave sets are present and they fully add themselves.

This system cannot be a quark because it oscillates everywhere in the same phase. The central zone must rather oscillate in perfect quadrature, in other words according to the positron's phase. This is important because the proton (which contains three quarks) must accept this positron in its centre, making it positive.

The strong set of plane standing waves on the axis between those electrons is absent while the distance is an extra lambda / 2 length (more or less).  The same spin system leads to the opposite result.

This indicates that two electrons can theoretically lock themselves in phase on each wavelength multiple. However this is an unstable condition because electrons are seldom perfectly immobile near one another, and because the repulsion effect is far much stronger most of the time.

According to my wave mechanics, the electron is a finite system. Its standing wave area is very small, but it constantly radiates waves which obey the normal square of the distance law. This means that for a given distance from the electron's core, say the proton's diameter (which equals about 100 million electron wavelengths according to the formula shown below), its standing waves gradually transform to partially standing waves. They finally transform to regular traveling waves.

Those partially standing waves are well known. They produce a characteristic pea pod-like envelope. The important point is that, unlike regular standing waves, the waves' amplitude never reaches zero. So, they are "partially moving" like this:

It should be emphasized that a "true" electron is not a pure standing wave system. Because it constantly transfers energy from aether waves to spherical traveling out-waves, it is rather a partially standing wave system. This is important because it explains the neutron neutral charge and, in addition, the positron's amazing presence inside the proton.

Here is my most recent view of an electron's waves. Observe that the pure standing waves around the core gradually transform to pure traveling waves with a transitory partially standing wave state between them. However, this diagram is a simplification. The correct one would show billions of wavelengths.

Partially standing waves can also be seen as a regular set of standard standing waves containing more waves in just one direction. The important difference is that two such sets adding themselves can produce standing waves whose phase is lambda / 4 shifted (pi / 2) like a positron.

This pi / 2 phase shift was my main obstacle for months. I could not understand why the same nucleon particle (proton or neutron) could exist in those two different forms, one neutral and the other one positive. The so-called beta decay indicated that a proton should contain a hidden positron, but the existence of such an antiparticle inside it appeared unlikely to be possible.

By the way, neutrinos from the same beta decay do not exist. The "creation" of this particle by Wolfgang Pauli and Enrico Fermi (from the Italian,  neutrino means little neutral) reminds us of the photon, which does not exist either. They did not really detect this particle; they just wanted to explain the small energy difference, which is simply emitted as a wave beam. I show elsewhere that the Compton effect can be explained by such a wave beam for both photons and neutrinos.

And so, one can postulate that while two electrons are some distance from one another, but not too distant, they become a quark containing a gluon, i.e. plane standing waves between them, whose phase is that of a positron. Then the whole system becomes neutral (no negative nor positive charge). In addition, three such quarks placed crosswise on the three Cartesian axes will become a neutron. Finally, this neutron with a positron in its center will become a proton.

The next animated diagram shows a true quark. The waves placed in the middle of the system are lambda / 4 shifted. In other words, there is a pi / 2 phase shift on the axis. 

The very special electron tandem as a quark can simultaneously pulsate waves whose phase is that of the positrons and the electrons. This means that those waves can cancel the electrons' normal negative charge.

The image No. 6 below was borrowed from the same animation shown above. The important point is that those waves are finally pi / 4 shifted and that they are emitted in all directions. This electron tandem cannot act and react like just one electron any more. It is neutral as compared to both electrons and positrons or protons, but it still has a phase, hence a "colour charge" as compared to other quarks.

The gluonic field round trip.

The gluonic field is the on-axis standing waves set. It is the result of three steps because the waves must perform a round trip between the center and the external on-axis zone, and also because the additive result is finally amplified. This process explains why the neutron, which contains only 6 electrons, can nevertheless be 1838 times heavier then one electron.

The diagram below shows that when the electron spin is the same, and also when they are distant by an integer multiple of the wavelength (this is a quark), the standing waves partially destroy themselves between them. Conversely, they partially add themselves beyond:

Half of the energy is returned towards the center.

The diagram below shows that the standing waves on both sides are nearly concentric. In other words, their center of curvature is roughly the same and it is not that of the electrons any more. It is located between them in the middle of the quark.

In accordance with Huygens' Principle, such curved standing waves should emit their energy as traveling waves on both sides, but just the amplified part. Because those standing waves are concave, they are like a telescope mirror and the traveling waves are focused towards the center. One can show in optics that this produces an "Airy disk", where the amplitude is very high.

 In addition, more waves are traveling towards the center from the opposite direction. So the two focused waves sets will add themselves and produce more standing waves in the center, which will add their energy to the already existing gluonic field. Then this high energy standing waves set will also be amplified by aether waves. Finally, all the on-axis space around both electrons will be filled with this "gluonic field".

The gluonic beam diagram. 

The gluonic field beam wave diagram, to a first approximation, should be much similar to that of two electrons. The main difference is that it is a two-way focused beam instead of the electron's all-azimuth radiation. The computer shows that when those electrons are distant by many wavelengths, they produce along the axis a beam which contains many interleaved hyperboloids.

The focused gluonic beam. 

However, because most of the gluonic field standing waves are plane ones, they should primarily radiate their energy on both sides along the axis. Any experienced optician would agree with that. The laser, which contains a great number of plane standing waves inside its Fabry-Perot cavity, also behaves this way; those systems produce a "wave beam":

Interferences between two gluonic beams.

The proton as a whole includes its 3 main quarks and its 12 secondary gluonic fields. It should radiate not less than 24 parallel beams along 12 axis, and six stronger and unique beams along the three Cartesian axes. Each gluonic beam already contains interferences which are hyperboloid. Because the proton produces parallel beams, the hyperboloids will cross themselves on secondary true hyperbolas (not hyperboloids). The result will appear different on two orthogonal planes.

The first plane contains the gluonic fields. It shows that on-axis and off-axis interferences appear periodically. The on-axis interference on the right side is the last one. Its distance indicates the size of an atom, more exactly the distance between the proton and the second atomic layer.

The second plane shows the same on-axis interferences from the transverse point of view. The off-axis interferences are similar but they are not visible. All those interferences are true hyperbolas, not hyperboloids.

The "black funnels".

And finally, the absence of those wave beams in 8 directions crossing the vertices of a cube will produce 8 stunning "black funnels". Those black funnels can capture electrons in a very aggressive way. They will explain not only the 8 peripheral electrons, but also chemical bindings, crystalline structures, electric current, semiconductors, superconductivity, etc.

Let's examine this in the next page about protons.